L4+Collins,Karen+Sue


 * UNIVERSITY OF MAINE AT FARMINGTON**
 * COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, HEALTH AND REHABILITATION**
 * LESSON PLAN FORMAT**


 * Teacher’s Name:** Kay Sue Collins **Date of Lesson:** 4 Explain
 * Grade Level:** 10 **Topic:** Genetic inheritance, Mendel and Punnet Squares

//Maine Learning Results: Science, and Technology - E. The Living Environment E4: Heredity and Reproduction Grade 9-Diploma - Genetics Students examine the role of DNA in transferring traits from generation to generation, in differentiating cells, and in evolving new species
 * __Objectives __**
 * Student will understand that ** new organisms and traits come from the recombination of genetic material and that it is possible to predict the likelihood of a combination occurring.
 * Student will know **about the process of meiosis and how it differs from mitosis as well as Mendel and his work with genetic patterns.
 * Student will be able to **determine and interpret expected outcomes of complicated crosses (more than 3 alleles) using an online punnet square program and describe the phenotypes that will be produced.
 * __Maine Learning Results Alignment __**
 * Rationale:** The process of meiosis and genetic inheritance are integral to the transfer of traits from one generation to the next. //


 * __Assessment __**

Students will demonstrate their understanding of meiosis by taking a quiz. Students will show that they know how to predict the results of a genetic cross by participating in a human genetic cross, as well as by completing a worksheet of examples correctly.
 * Formative (Assessment for Learning) **

Students will demonstrate their understanding of meiosis by taking a quiz. Students will demonstrate their mastery of the concepts of genetic inheritance by using an online genetic cross calculator to determine the results of a complicated genetic cross and then describe the phenotypes of the offspring.
 * Summative (Assessment of Learning)**
 * __Integration __**
 * Technology: **The students will use an online Punnet square calculator to determine the results of a complicated genetic cross and use that to describe the phenotypic characteristics of the offspring.


 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Other Content Areas: **
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Math: **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The students will be using math to calculate the genetic ratios involved in the Punnet squares.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">English: **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> The students will use language to describe the phenotypes of the offspring of the genetic crosses.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">History: **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> The students will learn about the history of Mendel and his work with inheritance ratios.

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The students will work in groups of six to create human punnet squares. Each group will have one person skilled in critical thinking and/or good people skills. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">All other activities will be done as a class or individually.
 * __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Groupings __**


 * __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Differentiated Instruction __**

**<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Strategies: ** **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Linguistic: ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The students will discuss the nature vs nurture debate sparked by an article about epigenetics and child abuse. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Logical ****<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will use statistics and logic to understand the results of the punnet squares. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Visual/Spatial: ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will use the punnet square to visually organize information for better understanding. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Naturalist: ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will understand how recombination affects the natural world. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kinesthetic: ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will .play the part of an individual in the human punnet square. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Interpersonal: ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will work together to complete a punnet square and checking their work with others to work out misconceptions. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Modifications/Accommodations ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I will review student’s IEP, 504 or ELLIDEP and make appropriate modifications and accommodations. Those who are absent will have an alternative activity to help them understand how a punnet square works, and how to interpret them. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Extensions ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students that need extra challenge will be given an extra worksheet with more challenging questions about genetic crosses. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Article for Hook: Child Abuse Alters Stress-fighting Gene <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Punnet Square Calculator <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Punnet square worksheet <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Site with lots of ideas for enrichment <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meiosis vs mitosis worksheet <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meiosis and Fertilization worksheet <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meiosis video <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[]
 * __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Materials, Resources and Technology __**
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masking tape
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Colored cards
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Poster with the quote by
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Computer for each child
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">White board markers and eraser
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Overhead projector
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Transparencies
 * __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Source for Lesson Plan and Research __**
 * __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Maine Standards for Initial Teacher Certification and Rationale __**


 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Standard 3 - Demonstrates a knowledge of the diverse ways in which students learn and develop by providing learning opportunities that support their intellectual, physical, emotional, social, and cultural development. //**
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rationale: //**
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beachball learners //** //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">will have a variety of activities and resources to help them understand genetic inheritance.
 * Clipboard** learners will use punnet squares to organize the various alleles of a gene to determine genotype and phenotype.
 * Microscope learners** will have the opportunity to focus on the details in order to fully understand how all the pieces of genetic inheritance fit together.
 * Puppy** learners will have a comfortable environment with supportive grouping during the human punnet square. //

//<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will examine the role of DNA in transferring traits from generation to generation, in differentiating cells, and in evolving new species
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Standard 4 - Plans instruction based upon knowledge of subject matter, students, curriculum goals, and learning and development theory. //**
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rationale: //**
 * Student will know** about the process of meiosis and how it differs from mitosis as well as Mendel and his work with genetic patterns**.** (see content notes) //
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Student will be able to //** //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">determine and interpret expected outcomes of complicated crosses (more than 3 alleles) using an online punnet square program and describe the phenotypes that will be produced. They will print out a copy of their online punnet square calculator and list the phenotypes for each possible genotypes on the printout. **(Explain)** //


 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Standard 5 - Understands and uses a variety of instructional strategies and appropriate technology to meet students’ needs. //**
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rationale: //**
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Linguistic: //** //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The students will discuss the nature vs nurture debate sparked by an article about epigenetics and child abuse. //
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Logical //****//<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: //**//<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will use statistics and logic to understand the results of the punnet squares. //
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Visual/Spatial: //** //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will use the punnet square to visually organize information for better understanding. //
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Naturalist: //** //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will understand how recombination affects the natural world**.** //
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kinesthetic: //** //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will .play the part of an individual in the human punnet square //
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Interpersonal: //** //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will work together to complete a punnet square and checking their work with others to work out misconceptions. //
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Technology: //**//<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The students will use an online punnet square calculator to find the genotype of a complicated genetic cross. //

//<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will demonstrate their understanding of meiosis by taking a quiz. Students will show that they know how to predict the results of a genetic cross by participating in a human genetic cross, as well as by completing a worksheet of examples correctly.
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Standard 8 - Understands and uses a variety of formal and informal assessment strategies to evaluate and support the development of the learner. //**
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rationale: //**
 * //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Formative (Assessment for Learning) //**<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">

Students will demonstrate their understanding of meiosis by taking a quiz. Students will demonstrate their mastery of the concepts of genetic inheritance by using an online genetic cross calculator to determine the results of a complicated genetic cross and then describe the phenotypes of the offspring. //
 * Summative (Assessment of Learning)**

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The classroom will be set up with the desks in a u-shape facing the front of the room. In this lesson students will understand that new organisms and traits come from the recombination of genetic material. This recombination happens through the process of meiosis. **Day 1:** They will know the specifics of meiosis. They will also understand that it is possible to predict the likelihood of a particular combination occurring. **(Where)**Understanding this will help students make connections to their own traits, and the likelihood of them passing them on to their children, as well as understanding those in the natural world. **(Why)** **Students examine the role of DNA in transferring traits from generation to generation, in differentiating cells, and in evolving new species** **(What)** I will begin the class with an article about child abuse affecting DNA which will spark a discussion about nature vs. nurture. It will be on the overhead projector at the front of the room. Students will spend **5-10 minutes** debating the article. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Students will need to know how meiosis works, the contributions of Gregor Mendel to our understanding of genetic inheritance, and how to predict the outcomes of a particular genetic cross. I will introduce the topic of meiosis and describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis (see content notes). I will use the overhead projector to show visually the steps of meiosis. **(30 minutes)** I will then show a mitosis video that describes the process. **(5 minutes) (Equip)**. The students will then work on the meiosis worksheets for the rest of the period **(30 minutes).** I will be checking for understanding and answering questions. I will collect the worksheets to check them for understanding. **Day 2**: I will pass out and review the worksheet from the day before, explaining anything that was unclear. **(20 minutes)** I will then introduce the students to Gregor Mendel and his work with pea plants that contributed to our understanding of how inheritance happens. I will emphasize the mathematical patterns that he discovered and introduce them to punnet squares (see content notes). **(30 minutes).** **(Equip)** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The students will then participate in a human punnet square. They will be split up into groups of 6. I will assign the groups considering skills and personalities, making sure that there is someone in each group that will be able to lead the others. There will be three stations set up in the hall, with a punnet square laid out on the floor with masking tape. In each group the students will take the part of each parent and four offspring. The parents will each be given two sets of colored cards. The different colors represent different alleles of a particular gene. When everyone is in place the parent will give a card to each of the offspring. They will then determine what the genotype and phenotype of the offspring are and record this on a 3x5 card. Each station will have a different genetic problem. I will use a group of volunteers to demonstrate one for the entire class before the groups work on their own. The students will rotate through the three stations and record the results of each square. I will be circulating through the room checking for understanding and providing feedback. **(30 minutes)** The students will return to their seats and we will discuss the activity and what it means. They will then be given the punnet square worksheet to take home for homework. **Day 3:** I will review the punnet square worksheet with the students and provide feedback **(10 minutes)** **(Explore).** The students will then do one more human punnet square. This time they will do a dihybrid cross. This will show them how quickly the complexity magnifies when you consider multiple genes. The cross this time will have four places on each side representing all of the possible combinations of alleles. This will result in 16 offspring. The whole process could use 18-26 students depending on how it is organized and the number of students in the class. Each of the offspring will be asked to identify their phenotype and group together with others like them. The data and ratios will be tallied on the board. We will then talk about the results. They will do a few of these and then bring the desks back to the middle of the room **(30 minutes).** **(Explore).** The students will then be able to use an online punnet square calculator to determine and interpret expected outcomes of complicated crosses (more than 3 alleles). They will use the genotype data found in the results of the cross to determine the phenotypes that are possible and give the ratios of those results. They will then draw a picture of the resulting phenotypes. **(20 minutes). (Explain)** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">With whatever time they have left the students will begin a take home quiz on meiosis The quiz is open book and open notes. The quiz will be collected and reviewed at the next class. The students will be evaluated on the quiz **(5 points),** the punnet square worksheet **(5 points),** and the online punnet square calculator results. They will be required to include a printout of the results, a phenotype for each genotypic combination, and the ratios of those phenotypes **(20 points)** (**Evaluate)** I will give feedback on their results.
 * __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teaching and Learning Sequence __****<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: **
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Where, Why, What, Hook, Tailors: Interpersonal, Naturalist, Intrapersonal, Visual, Lingusitic **
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Equip, Explore Rethink, Revise Tailors: Linguistic, Logical, Visual, Interpersonal, Naturalist **
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Explore, Experience, Rethink, Revise, Refine, Tailors: Linguistic, Logical, Visual, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal **
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Evaluate, Tailors: Logical, Visual **

> > >
 * __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Content Notes __**
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meiosis is a process similar to mitosis with critical differences
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">During Meiosis a cell divides twice: once to separate the chromosome pairs and again to separate the sister chromatids.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meiosis I stages are prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and tolophase I In meiosis I the pairs of homologous chormosomes attach at the centromere and separate into opposite sides of the cell leaving half the amount of chromosomes in each daughter cell.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meiosis stages are prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and tolophase II. In meiosis II the sister chromatids separate and the end result is 4 daughter cells.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In males this results in four equal sperm for every original cell.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In females most of the cellular material ends up in one of the cells. The others become polar bodies that are not viable. As a result there is only one viable egg for every original cell.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">During fertilization the sperm breaks through the outer membrane of the egg, and delivers its genetic material to the egg which then becomes an embryo with the full complement of chromosomes.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gregor Mendel was an Austrian Augustinian monk that spent most of his time gardening. He discovered through careful record keeping and experimentation that offspring inherited traits from the parents in mathematically predictable ways. His experiments with pea plants helped us learn more about the nature of inheritance and gave critical clues that led to the discovery of DNA structure.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The patterns of inheritance can be calculated using a punnet square.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Different variations of a gene are called alleles.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">the genetic code that a person has is called a genotype and the traits that result from this code is called the phenotype.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The first generation of a cross is called the F1 generation.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A cross between two members of the F1 generation nets the F2 generation.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Truebreeding organisms have two of the same allele for a particular trait. They are also called homozygous.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Heterozygous organisms have two different alleles for a particular trait.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A cross considering only one gene is called a monohybrid cross.
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A cross considering two genes is called a dihybrid cross.
 * __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Handouts __**
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Punnet Square worksheet
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meiosis Worksheet
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meiosis Quiz